Waste Water

BOLAND, John, ; MARINO, Manuel
WORLD BANK
An integrated approach to wastewater treatment: deciding where, when, and how much to invest.
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 1999 .- 60 p.
ABSTRACT : “Where, when, and how much to invest in wastewater treatment is a policy decision that presents many challenges and is not properly addressed in most situations worldwide. The most common situations are, unfortunately, those in which no treatment is provided at all...” The integration of wastewater management and pollution control interventions and policies within the broader water resources management policy are essential for achieving the efficient use of the scarce resource available. With that in mind, this paper has three objectives:

• Emphasize the need for systematic evaluation of wastewater management actions and investments as part of any water resources management initiative.
• Define the conceptual framework that should guide the analysis process.
• Identify and explore techniques appropriate to this analysis. The ultimate purpose of the paper is to provide a general approach to developing and implementing wastewater management interventions. Its scope is determined by two main considerations: (i) the need to incorporate the general principles that determine water resources management policies into the design and selection of wastewater management and pollution control interventions; and (ii) the need to address water quality problems at the appropriate geographical scale.
  ISBN 0-8213-4467-6

HUBER, L.
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANIZATION
Russian Federation; high-level advisory services for the Baikal pulp and paper mill; assessment of the waste water situation at BPPM:
.- Vienna : UNIDO ; 1996 .- 48 p.
(UNIDO-DP/ID/SER.A/1748)
ABSTRACT : Expert report on industrial waste water management situation at pulp and paper factory in Russian Federation - covers (1) fresh water supply (2) waste water sources and quality, water pollution, pollutants, effluent from factory (3) waste water treatment, effluent treatment (4) sludge treatment (solid wastes) and incineration (5) analytical monitoring of the waste water. Recommendations. Statistics. Additional references: hazardous wastes, environment, pulp and paper industry. Tables. Federation No : SI/RUS/94/801

IDELOVITCH, Emanuel ; RINGSKOG, Kla
WORLD BANK
Wastewater treatment in Latin America: old new options
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 1997 .- 80 p.
ISBN 0-8213-3969-9

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
Use of irradiation for chemical and microbial decontamination of water, wastewater and sludge.
.- Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency ; 2001 .- (IAEA TECDOC Series No. 1225)

MARA, D.; CAIRNCROSS, S.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and
aquaculture.
.- Geneva : WHO ; 1989 .- vii-187 p.
ABSTRACT : Presents and explains the full range of practical and technical factors that need to be considered when planning, designing, and implementing schemes for the safe reuse of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture. Emphasis is placed on the practical implications of new knowledge indicating that the recycling of wastewater and excreta can now be managed in ways that eliminate risks to health. In keeping with the need to conserve resources, the book also presents compelling arguments for the environmental advantages of reuse schemes, including increased crop yields, reduced requirements for artificial fertilizers, avoidance of surface water pollution, conservation of soil and freshwater resources, and desertification control.
Chapters in the first half of the book explain why human wastes are increasingly regarded as a safe and valuable resource for use in crop irrigation, soil fertilization, and aquaculture. Readers are given detailed information on both potential and actual health risks posed by each of 30 excreta-related pathogens. The second half of the book provides richly detailed guidance on technical options for health protection and on the legal and financial components of project planning and implementation.
The most extensive chapter describes and illustrates numerous technical interventions for preventing or correcting hazards associated with water from different sources, procedures for water treatment, and methods used to treat and store water in households. Additional strategies for improvement are covered in the remaining chapters, which outline methods of hygiene education in communities and discuss the important role of legislation and regulation. Further practical guidance is provided in a series of annexes, which give examples of sanitary inspection and hazard scoring forms for 11 different types of water supply, list responsibilities for different categories of surveillance staff, and provide illustrated step-by-step instructions for several sampling methods and analytical tests for use in laboratories and the field.

RIVERA, Daniel
WORLD BANK
Private sector participation in the water and wastewater sector: lessons from six
Developing Countries
.- Washington, D.C : World Bank ; 1997 .- 116 p.

UNITED NATIONS
Environmentally sound technologies for wastewater and stormwater
management: an international sourcebook
.- New York : United nations ; 2002 .- 638 p.
ISBN 9280718207

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION
FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Wastewater management policies and practices in Asia and Pacific
.- Bangkok : UN ESCAP ; 1999
(Water Resources Series; No. 79)

Water and Health

BARTRAM, J.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Monitoring bathing water: a practical guide to the design and implementation
of assessments and monitoring programmes
.- London : E FN Spon ; 1999
Does piped water reduce diarrhea for children in rural India?
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 2001 (Policy research working paper)

SAADE, C. ; BATEMAN, M. ; BENDAHMANE, D.
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND ; WORLD BANK
GROUP
(Handwashing for diarrheal disease prevention)
.- New York : UNICEF, [s.d.]
Water for the Future: An Annotated Bibliography

UNICEF
Planning for health and socio-economic benefits from water and environmental
sanitation programmes: a workshop summary
.- New York : UNICEF ; 1993 .- 40 p., ill.

UNICEF
Towards better programming: a manual on hygiene promotion
.- New York : UNICEF ; 2003
(Part of the “Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series)

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
Thalassogenic diseases.
.- Nairobi : UNEP ; 1986 .- 44 p.
(Regional seas reports and studies; No. 079.)

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Toxic cyanobacteria in water: a guide to their public health consequences,
monitoring and management
.- Geneva : WHO ; 1999 .- 416 p.
ISBN 0419239308

Water and Sanitation

ALMEDOM, A. ; BLUMENTHAL, ; MANDERSON, L.
OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION ;
INTERNATIONAL NUTRITION FOUNDATION FOR
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, LONDON SCHOOL OF
HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE ; UNICEF
Hygiene evaluation procedures (approaches and methods for assessing water and sanitation related practices)
.- New York : UNICEF ; 1997 .- 124 p.

BIRON, Paul J.
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Terminology of water supply and environmental sanitation
= Terminologie de l’approvisionnement en eau et de l’assainissement du milieu
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 1987 .- 171 p.

ESREY, S. ; ANDERSSON, I. ; HILLERS, A. ; SAWYER, R.
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME ;
SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATION AGENCY; UNICEF ; PAN AMERICAN
HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Closing the loop ecological sanitation for food security .- New York : UNICEF; 2001 .- 90 p

FRANCEYS, R.; PICKFORD, J.; REED, J
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
A Guide to the development of on-site sanitation
.- Geneva : World Health Organization ; 1992 .- VIII-237 p.
ABSTRACT : Provides detailed practical and technical advice intended to guide the selection, design, construction, and maintenance of on-site facilities for the removal of human excreta. Addressed to engineers, sanitarians, medical officers, and project planners, the book concentrates on technical options suitable for householders building their own latrines, whether in small communities, rural areas, or deprived urban settlements. Details range from line drawings illustrating features of design and construction, through a list of reasons why improved sanitation may elicit negative responses from users, to instructions for calculating the internal dimensions of a septic tank.

Water for the Future: An Annotated Bibliography
introduce the foundations of sanitary practice, describe the links between excreta and disease, and explain the numerous social and cultural factors that must be
considered at the planning phase. Chapters in the second and most extensive part provide a detailed technical guide to the design, construction, operation and maintenance of all the main options for on-site sanitation. Chapters describe how the different types of latrine work, discuss their relative merits, and set out detailed plans for the construction of latrines and their components. The final part features three chapters on the planning and development of on-site sanitation projects, underscoring the need for a thorough analysis of cultural as well as design features.

FOSTER, Vivien; GOMEZ-LOBO, Andres; HALPERN, Jonathan
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Designing direct subsidies for water and sanitation services: Panama: a case study
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 2000 .- 29 p.: ill.
(Policy research working paper)

IDELOVITCH, Emanuel; RINGSKOG, Klas
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Private sector participation in water supply and sanitation in Latin America
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 1995 .- 51 p.: ill.

NARAYAN, Deep
WORLD BANK
Participatory evaluation: tools for managing change in water and sanitation
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 1993 .- 136 p.
(World Bank Technical Paper; No. 207)
ABSTRACT : Development projects that encourage direct community participation usually meet with greater success than those that do not. This guidebook describes ways of letting poor people help monitor and evaluate the water and sanitation programs that serve them. It provides simple shortcuts for building community participation and consensus.
Decision makers will learn the different risks posed by this approach, such as viewing community participation as a panacea. The study describes ways to set reasonable goals without discouraging unexpected progress. It provides a handy framework of key indicators that can be used to monitor progress. These indicators gauge a project’s cost, sustainability, and effectiveness. They rate a community’s ability to expand services and handle more operating responsibilities.
ISBN 0-8213-2477-2

SIMPSON, M.; WOOD, S.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Sanitation promotion
.- Geneva : WHO ; 1998 .- XV-277 p.
ABSTRACT : A collection of original articles, case studies, checklists, worksheets, and stimulating ideas aimed at raising the profile of sanitation and thus attracting the assistance and investments needed to make progress. Noting that tremendous efforts over the past two decades have had little impact on sanitary conditions for much of the world, the book calls for a revolution in the way the sanitation sector defines its objectives and conducts its work. With this goal in mind, the book serves as a rich resource of new ideas, solid lessons based on past experience, guidance on “best practices” in meeting a range of difficult needs, and some innovative new tools for both promoting sanitation and introducing ecologically-friendly technologies. Although all areas of sanitation are considered, the major emphasis is on the management of human wastes.
The book contains 40 articles - most of which were written especially for this collection - presented in four chapters. The first introduces the magnitude of the challenge: human excreta is probably the world’s number one pollutant; lack of sanitation is responsible for most of the diseases and deaths in developing countries; many conventional approaches are based on false assumptions that make failure inevitable. Past errors include a preoccupation with safe water supply and assumption that sanitation would follow, use of a restricted number of “good” technologies, the focus of engineering education on sewerage systems, and a failure to understand that consumers are more interested in the prestige, convenience, comfort and privacy of sanitary facilities than in theories about germs and disease.
Against this background, articles in chapter two provide ideas on promotional techniques that can be used to gain political will and secure.

UNICEF
The Progress of nations, 1997: the nations of the world ranked according to
their achievements in child health, nutrition, education, water and sanitation,
and progress for women = Le Progrès des Nations, 1997 = El Progreso de las
naciones, 1997.
.- Paris : UNICEF ; 1997 .- 68 p. , ill.

UNICEF
Better sanitation programming: a UNICEF Handbook
.- New York : UNICEF ; 1997 .- 150 p.
(Part of the “Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series”)

UNICEF
From handpumps to health: the evolution of water and sanitation programmes in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria
.- New York : UNICEF ; 1990 .- 133 p.
ISBN 92806000516

UNICEF
Learning from experience: evaluation of UNICEF’s Water and Environmental
Sanitation Programme in India, 1966-1998
.- New York : UNICEF ; 2000 .- 200 p.

UNICEF
Towards better programming: a handbook on communication in WES
.- new York : UNICEF ; 1999
(Part of the “Water, Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series”)

UNICEF
UNICEF Strategies in water and environmental sanitation
.- New York : UNICEF ; 1995 .- 65 p.

UNICEF
Water and sanitation in UNICEF, 1946-1986
.- New York : UNICEF ; 1987 .- 67 p.,
(UNICEF History Series, Monograph 8)

UNICEF
The water history: water and sanitation UNICEF 1946-1986
.- New York : UNICEF ; 1986 .- 172 p.
(UNICEF WET Monographs; No.2)

WORLD BANK
Toolkits for private participation in water and sanitation
.- Washington, D.C. : Worldbank ; 1997 .- 48 p.
ISBN 0-8213-4003-4

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
Water and sanitation in Islam
.- Geneva : WHO ; 1996 .- 27 p.
ABSTRACT : Identifies Islamic teachings and rulings relevant to water and sanitation and interprets these in terms of healthy individual and community behaviours. The text, which responds to the strong influence of religion in Eastern Mediterranean countries, incorporates the views of a leading Muslim scholar,supported by the expertise of health professionals. Emphasis is placed on waterrelated behaviours that promote high standards of personal hygiene and thus help prevent disease. Main points covered include the importance of safe drinking-water, the prevention of water-borne diseases through community and personal measures, and the principles of personal cleanliness, including precise instructions, in line with Islamic teachings, for bathing and scrupulous routine cleaning and care of the body.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Financial management of water supply and sanitation: a handbook
.- Geneva : WHO ; 1994 .- 83 p.: ill.

XU, Lixin Colin; ZULUAGA, Ana Maria
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Institutions, politics, and contracts: the attempt to privatize the water and
sanitation utility of Lima, Peru
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 2000 .- 56 p.: ill.
(Policy Research Working Paper)
Water and Sustainable Development

BISWAS, Asit k.; UITTO, Juha K.
UNITED NATIONS
Sustainable development of the Ganges Barhamaputra-meghna Basins
.- New York : United nations ; 2001 .- 202 p.
ISBN 9280810413

GREY, David ; GILGAN-HUNT, Edeltraut ; SHARMA, Narendra P. [et
al...] ;
WORLD BANK
African water resources: challenges and opportunities for sustainable development
.- Washington, D.C. : World Bank ; 1996 .- 144 p.
(World Bank Technical Paper; No. 331)
ABSTRACT : Develops a strategy for water resources management in Sub-Saharan Africa based on the principles that water is a scarce resource and that access to it raises issues of economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental sustainability. The report recommends an integrated, cross-sectoral, catchmentarea approach and identifies five development imperatives: household water security, protection of catchment areas and wetlands, food security, water quality and human health, and intranational and international.

ISBN 0-8213-3711-4
Water for the Future: An Annotated Bibliography

UNITED NATIONS
Guidelines on water and sustainable development: principles and policy options
.- New York : United Nations ; 1997 .- 144 p.
(Water resources series)
ABSTRACT : The multisectoral nature of water resources development in the context of socio-economic development, as well as the multi-interest utilization of water resources have made the planning of programmes and projects on water and sustainable development a highly complex task. The guidelines in this publication are presented with the hope that, in the future, water-resources development activities and socio-economic development activities would not adversely affect each other. The publication specifically outlines principles and policy options for guidelines on water and sustainable development.

UNITED NATIONS
Sustainable development of water resources in Asia and the Pacific: An overview .- New York : United Nations ; 1998 .- 167 p.
ABSTRACT : Arguing that the role of development and use of fresh water must not exceed certain limits if ecological balance is to be maintained, this publication reviews the situation of water resources development and use in the Asia-Pacific region. The findings presented on an individual country basis, will prove to be most useful to decision makers and professionals in the field of water development, management and academics.
ISBN 9211198267

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Water, (strengthening the fabric of society. Capacity building for sustainable development)
.- New York : UNDP ; 1998 .- 47 p.